10 great contributions of the Moslem

According to Prof. Hassani, there are 10 great contributions of the Moslem toward the modern civilization:

1.      Surgery

Around the year 1,000, the celebrated doctor Al Zahrawi published a 1,500 page illustrated encyclopedia of surgery that was used in Europe as a medical reference for the next 500 years. Among his many inventions, Zahrawi discovered the use of dissolving cat gut to stitch wounds. Beforehand a second surgery had to be performed the first caesarean operation and created the first pair of forceps.

2.      Coffee

Now the western world’s drink du jour, coffee was first brewed in Yemen around the 9^th century. In its earliest days, coffee helped sufis stay up during late nights of devotion. Later brought to Cairo by a group of students, the coffee buzz soon caught on around the empire. By the 13^th century it reached Turkey, but not until the 16^th century did the beans start boiling in Europe, brought to Italy by a Venetian trader.

3.      Flying machine

Abbas ibn Firnas was the first person to make a real attempt to construct a flying machine and fly. In the 9^th century he designed a winged apparatus, roughly resembling a bird costume. In his most famous trial near Cordoba in spain, Firnas flew upward for a few moments, before falling to the ground and partially breaking his back. His designs would undoubtedly have been an inspiration for farmed Italian artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci’s hundreda of years later.

4.      University

In 859 a young princess named Fatima al Firhi founded the first degree granting university in Fez, Marocco. Her sister Miriam founded an adjacent mosque and together the complex became the al Qarawiyyin Mosque and University. Still operating almost 1,200 years later, we hope the center will remind people that learning is at the core of the Islamic tradition and that the story of the al Firhi sisters will inspire young moslem women around the world today.

5.      Algebra

The word algebra comes from the title of a Persian mathematician’s famous 9^th century treatise “Kitab al Jabr wal Mugabala” which translates roughly as “The Book of Reasoning and Balancing”. Built on the roots of Greek and Hindu system, the new algebraic order was a unifiying system for rational numbers, irrational numbers and geometrical magnitudes. The same mathematician, Al Khawarizmi, was also the first to introduce the concept of raising a number to a power.

6.      Optics

Around the year 1000 Ibn al Haitham proved that humans see objects by light reflecting off of them and entering the eye, dismissing Euclid and Ptolemi’s theories that light was emitted from the eye itself. This great Moslem Physicist also discovered the camera obscura phenomenon, which explains how the eye sees images upright due the connection between the optic nerve and the brain.

7.      Music

Moslem musicians have had a profound impact on Europe, dating back to Charlemagne tried to complete with the music of Baghdad and Cordoba. Among many instruments that arrived in Europe through the Middle East are the lute and the rahab, an ancestor of the violin. Modern musical scales are also said to derive from arabic alphabet.

8.      Toothbrush

The prophet Mohammed popularized the use of the first toothbrush in around 600. Using a twig from Meswak tree, he cleaned his teeth and freshened his breath. Subtances similar to Meswak are used in modern toothpaste.

9.      The crank

Many of the basics of modern authomatics were first put to use in the Moslem world, including the revolutionary crank-connecting rod system. By converting rotary motion to linear motion, the crank enables the liftingof heavy objects with relative ease. This technology, discovered bby al jazari in the 12^th century. Exploded across the globe, leading to everything from the bicycle to the internal combustion engine.

10.  Hospitals

Medicine is a science from which one learns the states of the human body with respect to what is healthy and what is not, in order to preserve good health when it exists and restore it when it is lacking (ibn sina, the opening to the Qanun fi al tibb). Ibn sina is the most popular moslem that expert in Medical arts.

Source:“Muslim inventions that shaped the modern world” the material from Prof. Dr. Bustami Subhan, M.S (lecturer’s hand-out)

Vocabulary

Theories

1.      According to Kridalaksana (1993:127), vocabulary is a component of a language that maintains all of  information about meaning and using word in a language.

2.      According to Webster’s Ninth collegiate dictionary (1978), vocabulary is:

a.       A list or collection of words and phrase usually alphabetically arranged and explained or defined.

b.      A sum or stock of words employed by a language group individual or a work or in a field of knowledge.

c.       A list or collection of terms or codes available for use.

3.      According to Haley (2006:3) word is a combination of vocal sounds or one such sound, used in language to express an idea (to denote a thing, attribute,or relation), and constitutingan ultimate minimal element of speech having a meaning as such; a vocable.

4.      Vocabulary is one of five core components of reading instruction which includes phonemic awareness, phonics, word study, fluency and comprehension (National Reading Panel, 2000)

5.      Vocabulary is a listing, either selective or exhaustive, containing the words and phrases of a language, with meanings or translations into another language; glossary (Collins English Dictionary).

Construct

Vocabulary is a component of a language that maintains all of  information about meaning and using word in a language which includes phonemic awareness, phonics, word study, fluency and comprehension.

Aspects of Vocabularies

Kridalaksana	Webster Dict.	Haley	Nat. Reading Panel	Collins Dict.	Indicator
	alphabetically arranged	Combination of vocal sounds	Word study	Listing	Spelling
Meaning	Explained, defined	Express Idea	Comprehension	Meaning, translation	Meaning
		Vocable	Phonics		Pronunciation
			Fluency		Fluency

Indicator

Students are able to:

1. Find the meaning the word

2. Pronounce the word

3. Spell the words

4. Use the words in sentences.

Blueprint

No.	Indicator	Number	Total
1.	Finding the meaning the word	1-10	10
2.	Pronounce the word	1-10	10
3.	Spelling the words	1-10	10
4.	Using the words in sentences	1-10	10

Items

Direction:

1. Find the meaning of the word!

2. Pronounce the word!

3. Spell the words!

4. Use the words in sentences!

a)      Country

b)      Saw

c)      Tent

d)     Began

e)      Coat

f)       Shouted

g)      Nobody

h)      Answered

i)        Funny

j)        Take away

Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes that occurred in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840, according to various historians. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power and development of machine tools. The transition also included the change from wood and other bio-fuels to coal. Some of these innovations were mechanical while others were based on applications of science and experimentation. The Industrial revolution began in Britain and within a few decades spread to Western Europe and the United States.

In the years before the beginning of the 18^th century most of the goods were produced with the help of manual labour. In the beginning of the 18^th century inventions revolutionised the manufacturing processes and gave the factory owners the capability to produce large quantities of goods in lesser time. Some of the inventions which made this possible included the discovery of coke for smelting iron, the steam hammer for hammering iron. Discovery of the ‘flying shuttle’ and the ‘Spinning Jenny’ mechanised the textile industry. Alongwith these developments came the building of locomotives, establishing of railways, building of bridges, etc. refinement and further development on these inventionscontinues till today. As these machines became popular, rich industrialist set up large factories to produce finished goods at a large scale. Since many people were required to run these machines, Jobs were in abundance. People from the countryside found employment in these factories and moved to the cities thus giving rise to industrial towns. In those days the textile factories employed mostly women and children because they could be paid less.

Compared to te villages the workers earned more money in the cities, but their standard of living was very poor. They lived in small towns which were cheaply built and lacked most of the basic amenities. Large families often lived in small houses which did not have a clean water supply and disease and death was a common thing among the young.in 1833 the British Government banned child labour but failed to regulate the hours of work because most of the industrialist were paying less but demanding long working hours. This led to the formation of workers ‘Unions which fought for workers’ rights.       

The Industrial Revolution brought severe consequences to society. Factory owners, needing cheap, unskilled labor, profited greatly by using children and women to run the machines. By the age of 6, many children were already working 14 hours a day in factories. These kids had no free time to do anything else and earned low wages. Some got sick and died because of the toxic fumes, while others were severely injured and sometimes killed working at the dangerous machines in factories. Obviously, the Industrial Revolution had both good and bad sides.

Sources:

“Industrial Revolution” the material from Prof. Dr. Bustami Subhan, M.S (lecturer’s hand-out)

http://library.thinkquest.org/4132/info.htm accessed in December 29th, 2012

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution accessed in December 29th, 2012